Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable cancers. Despite that, every year more than half a million women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and over 300,000 deaths are reported globally.
According to recent research, cervical cancer ranks 8th among all cancers and 4th among cancers in women globally.
Focusing on primary prevention and regular screening can help in early identification of precancerous changes and is the best way to reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
Studies show that 3 to 35% of early cancer-related deaths can be prevented through regular screening.
Types of Cervical Cancers
The cervix is a long, narrow, tubular organ at the lower part of the uterus, connecting it to the vagina.
Cervical cancer occurs when normal cells lining the cervix undergo mutations and grow uncontrollably, potentially becoming invasive and spreading.
Based on microscopic appearance, cervical cancer types include:
- Squamous cell carcinomas: Account for 70–80% of cases. Develop in the thin, flat cells covering the bottom of the cervix.
- Adenocarcinoma: Accounts for 20%. Begins in the glandular cells lining the cervical canal.
- Mixed carcinomas (adenosquamous): Rare (5–6%), with features of both types.
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
Most cervical cancers are caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection — a common sexually transmitted disease that can block tumor suppressor genes, allowing abnormal cell growth.
Other risk factors include:
- Multiple sexual partners or early sexual activity
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- Sexually transmitted infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea)
- Multiple full-term pregnancies
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives
- Family history of cervical cancer
Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines
Screening recommendations vary by age:
- 21–29 years: Pap test every 3 years.
- 30–65 years: Choose one of:
- Pap test every 3 years
- HPV test every 5 years
- Co-testing (Pap + HPV) every 5 years
- Over 65: Screening not needed if prior results were normal or cervix removed for non-cancerous reasons.
Preparing for Screening Tests
- Avoid douching, tampons, or vaginal medicines at least 48 hours before the test.
- Do not schedule during your menstrual period.
- Treat pre-existing cervicitis before screening.
How Are These Tests Performed?
HPV Testing
A soft brush collects cervical cells to test for high-risk HPV strains linked to cancer. Often combined with a Pap test.
Pap Testing
A tiny spatula or soft brush collects cervical cells to check for abnormalities in a lab.
What Do the Results Indicate?
If results are abnormal, follow-up tests like colposcopy or biopsy may be advised.
Symptoms like abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, or heavy periods may also prompt further investigation.
Risks of Screening Tests
- Unnecessary follow-up: May lead to additional tests for benign changes.
- False-negative: Test appears normal despite cancer being present — may delay diagnosis.
- False-positive: Suggests cancer when none exists — causes anxiety and further testing.
Despite minor risks, cervical screening has significantly reduced cancer incidence worldwide. Women should understand the benefits and make informed decisions.