Chronic Hepatitis B and C infections are major causes of liver cancer. Learn how these viruses lead to cancer, who is at risk, and the importance of vaccination and surveillance.
Every year, July 28 is celebrated as World Hepatitis Day by the World Health Organisation. This year, the theme for this day is ‘Hepatitis can’t wait’. With one person in the world dying of hepatitis every 30 seconds, the theme seems very apt.
What is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. It can be caused by toxins, drugs, diseases, heavy alcohol use, and viral infections. The most common cause globally is viral hepatitis, primarily types A, B, C, D, and E.
Understanding Hepatitis B and C Viruses
Hepatitis viruses are those that infect the liver. The two most common types linked to chronic disease and cancer are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV).
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids. Common routes include mother-to-child transmission during childbirth, unprotected sex, and sharing needles.
While many adults recover fully, some develop chronic infection, which increases the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Mostly spread through blood-to-blood contact, such as sharing contaminated needles or medical equipment. Unlike HBV, there is no vaccine for HCV, but it is now curable with antiviral medications.
Most people with HCV do not have symptoms until serious liver damage occurs.
How Do These Viruses Cause Cancer?
Viruses are tiny organisms made up of genes in the form of DNA (HBV) or RNA (HCV) surrounded by a protein coating. When they infect liver cells, they integrate into the host’s DNA, causing mutations that can turn healthy cells into cancer cells over time.
Chronic inflammation and repeated cycles of liver cell damage and regeneration further increase the risk of genetic errors leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer.
Cancer Risk and Statistics
According to WHO:
- Approximately 296 million people live with chronic HBV infection.
- About 58 million have chronic HCV infection.
- Together, HBV and HCV cause 80% of all liver cancer cases worldwide.
- Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.
Surveillance for Liver Cancer
For individuals with chronic HBV or HCV, regular monitoring is crucial:
- Ultrasound of the liver every 6 months
- Blood tests (including AFP – Alpha-fetoprotein tumor marker)
- Fibroscan or elastography to assess liver stiffness/fibrosis
Early detection improves treatment outcomes significantly.
Prevention Strategies
Vaccination – The First Cancer Preventive Vaccine
The Hepatitis B vaccine is the world’s first anti-cancer vaccine. It is safe, effective, and part of routine childhood immunization programs in many countries.
All infants should receive the HBV vaccine within 24 hours of birth, followed by additional doses.
Safe Medical and Personal Practices
- Use sterile needles and syringes in healthcare settings.
- Avoid sharing razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers.
- Practice safe sex using protection.
- Ensure blood transfusions are screened for hepatitis viruses.
Treatment for Hepatitis C
New direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can cure over 95% of HCV infections within 8–12 weeks. Treating HCV reduces liver inflammation and lowers cancer risk, though regular surveillance remains important post-cure.
Take Action Today
If you’re at risk—due to family history, lifestyle, or past exposure—get tested for hepatitis B and C. Early diagnosis allows timely intervention, preventing long-term complications including liver cancer.
Talk to your doctor about vaccination, testing, and screening options.